By T.C. Lo (盧天賜); February 21. 2020
基督教的聖餐禮拜是以頌讀經文為開始。最常讀的經文是哥林多前書第11章。但這不是唯一可用到的經文。除哥林多前書外,還有路加福音第22章,這也是非常普遍的。此外,馬太, 馬可和約翰福音書都有與聖餐相關的經文。偶然也有牧師採用出埈及記所記載的第一次逾越節的經文 (出12:1-11)。但如果我問, 「在這許多的經文中,那一段是比較更適合于聖餐呢?」那麼我們就要作一些比較,幫助我們在這課題上有更多認識。首先我們以哥林多前書的經典式本文 (classical text) 先作思考。
哥林多前書 (11:23-29)
23我當日傳給你們的、原是從主領受的、就是主耶穌被賣的那一夜、拿起餅來、
For I received from the Lord what I also passed on to you: The Lord Jesus, on the night he was betrayed, took bread,
24祝謝了、就擘開、說、這是我的身體、為你們捨的.〔捨有古卷作擘開〕你們應當如此行 (Repetition)、為的是記念我 。
and when he had given thanks, he broke it and said, “This is my body, which is for you; do this in remembrance of me.”
25飯後、也照樣拿起杯來、說、這杯是用我的血所立的新約.你們每逢喝的時候、要如此行、為的是記念我 。
In the same way, after supper he took the cup, saying, “This cup is the new covenant in my blood; do this, whenever you drink it, in remembrance of me.”
26你們每逢喫這餅、喝這杯 、是表明 主的死、直等到他來 。
For whenever you eat this bread and drink this cup, you proclaim the Lord’s death until he comes.
27所以無論何人、不按理喫 主的餅、喝主的杯、就是干犯主的身主的血了。
Therefore, whoever eats the bread or drinks the cup of the Lord in an unworthy manner will be guilty of sinning against the body and blood of the Lord.
28人應當自己省察 、然後喫這餅、喝這杯。
A man ought to examine himself before he eats of the bread and drinks of the cup.
29因為人喫喝、若不分辨是主的身體、就是喫喝自己的罪了。
For anyone who eats and drinks without recognizing the body of the Lord eats and drinks judgment on himself.
在這段哥林多前書的經文中,我們看到聖餐的八個要素:
- 現在
- Benediction (祝謝)
- Commemoration (為的是記念主)
- communion (為你們捨的; 喫這餅、喝這杯; 是用主的血所立的新約)
- Consecration (無論何人;按理與干犯;分別為聖)
- Examination (自我省察)
- 过去 (回顧)
- Proclamation (表明主的死)
- 將來
- Anticipation (直等到主的再來)
- 今生
- Repetition (應當如此行; 每蓬)
路加22:13-20也是常用的聖餐經文。
13他們去了、所遇見的、正如耶穌所說的.他們就預備了逾越節的筵席。
They left and found things just as Jesus had told them. So they prepared the Passover.
14時候到了、耶穌坐席、使徒也和他同坐。
When the hour came, Jesus and his apostles reclined at the table.
15耶穌對他們說、我很願意在受害以先、和你們喫這逾越節的筵席。
And he said to them, “I have eagerly desired to eat this Passover with you before I suffer.
16我告訴你們、我不再喫這筵席、直到成就在 神的國裡。
For I tell you, I will not eat it again until it finds fulfillment in the kingdom of God.”
17耶穌接過杯來、祝謝了 (benediction)、說、你們拿這個、大家分著喝。
After taking the cup, he gave thanks and said, “Take this and divide it among you.
18我告訴你們、從今以後、我不再喝這葡萄汁、直等 神的國來到。
For I tell you I will not drink again of the fruit of the vine until the kingdom of God comes.”
19又拿起餅來祝謝了、就擘開遞給他們、說、這是我的身體、為你們捨的.你們也應當如此行 、為的是記念。
And he took bread, gave thanks and broke it, and gave it to them, saying, “This is my body given for you; do this in remembrance of me.”
20飯後也照樣拿起杯來、說、這杯是用我血所立的新約、是為你們流出來的。
In the same way, after the supper he took the cup, saying, “This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.
路加的經文基本上也包括了上述的大部分要素。但它提供一些不同的資料或提示。
- 新約時代的第一個聖餐是由耶穌在祂與門徒共享最後一次逾越節晩宴時設立的。
- 這聖餐是建立在 (約3500年前) 舊約第一個逾越節筵席的历史基礎上, 因為那一次的晚餐正是在慶祝傳統逾越節的晚宴中進行。(See verse 13)
- 這裡並沒有提到用餐時「人應該自己省察」。
- 如果哥林多前書是以实践為重点, 那麽路加福音便是以救贖史为重点。
這段經文還有一個特色:如果我們只讀第十七至十九節,我們看到次序的顛倒,就是「先杯後餅」。但如果你只讀十九節至廿節,次序又回復到傳統的「先餅後杯」。最可能的解釋是,在舊約的逾越節晚餐中,他們喝禮儀式的酒至少有兩三次之多,甚至四次。今天猶太人有「逾越節家宴 (Seder)」,他們在餐中喝四杯 (次) 酒, 同時也吃未發酵過的薄飯 (matzo)。吃餅也不是一次就吃完,他們把擘開的餅留一半作飯後點心用(dessert)。家主在進餐時講故事給晚輩聼,並解釋其意義。這晩餐是在逾越節期間的第一或第二個晚上舉行的。筆者在紐約時,為了增廣見聞,也曾參加過猶太社區的Seder. 更有趣的是,他們還保留一張無人坐的椅子,似乎是在等待以利亞先知的隨時光臨。
馬太26:26-30 也是聖餐經文之一, 但比較簡短, 少被人所用。
26他們喫的時候、耶穌拿起餅來、祝福、就擘開、遞給門徒、說、你們拿著喫.這是我的身體。
While they were eating, Jesus took bread, gave thanks and broke it, and gave it to his disciples, saying, “Take and eat; this is my body.”
27又拿起杯來、祝謝了、遞給他們、說、你們都喝這個.
Then he took the cup, gave thanks and offered it to them, saying, “Drink from it, all of you.
28因為這是我立約的血、為多人流出來、使罪得赦。
This is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins.
29但我告訴你們、從今以後、我不再喝這葡萄汁、直到我在我父的國裡、同你們喝新的那日子。
I tell you, I will not drink of this fruit of the vine from now on until that day when I drink it anew with you in my Father’s kingdom.”
30他們唱了詩、就出來往橄欖山去。
When they had sung a hymn, they went out to the Mount of Olives.
馬太福音不但提到基督的血是立新約的記號,也説及它的功用,就是「使罪得赦」。這裡也提到「我父的國」和「喝新的日子」。詞語充滿彌賽的 (messianic) 意味。
約翰福音 6:53-57
53耶穌說、我實實在在的告訴你們、你們若不喫人子的肉、不喝人子的血、就沒有生命在你們裡面。
Jesus said to them, “I tell you the truth, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you have no life in you.
54喫我肉喝我血的人就有永生.在末日我要叫他復活。
Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood has eternal life, and I will raise him up at the last day.
55我的肉真是可喫的、我的血真是可喝的。
For my flesh is real food and my blood is real drink.
56喫我肉喝我血的人、常在我裡面、我也常在他裡面。
Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood remains in me, and I in him.
57永活的父怎樣差我來、我又因父活著、照樣、喫我肉的人、也要因我活著。
Just as the living Father sent me and I live because of the Father, so the one who feeds on me will live because of me.
58這就是從天上降下來的糧.喫這糧的人、就永遠活著、不像你們的祖宗喫過嗎哪、還是死了。
This is the bread that came down from heaven. Your forefathers ate manna and died, but he who feeds on this bread will live forever.”
天主教憑著這段經文堅持「變體論的教義 (doctrine of transubstantiation)」。他們認為當神父祝謝了這些元素 (Eucharistic elements) 後,這些餅便真真正正變成基督的肉,這些葡萄汁便真真正正變成基督的血了。但基督教不同意這説法,我們相信飲食只是一種代表, 絶無轉換之意。
最近 Covid-19 病毒流行,從中國的武漢起波及全球。世人開始對防疫十分重視。在教會的聖餐禮拜中,分餅杯的執事同工,帶上手套,餅和杯都是用巳消毒過的包裝保護,為了免除病毒傳染的可能性。這是非常明智的措施。但我不知道天主教的做法如何?如果他們真的相信餅杯的的確確是基督的血肉,那就大可不用防備了,難道基督的寶血會有毒死人的可能性嗎?
如果聖經是上帝啓示的道(revealed Word of God),那麼基督就是上帝生命的道 (living Word of God),兩者均來自超自然的源頭。吃基督的肉,飲基督的血,乃代表我們應勤讀聖經更要活出祂的誡命。這就是擘餅聚會的最終目標。
結論
現在我們要回答這個問題:在那麽多的經文中,那一段經文比較適用于教會的聖餐儀式? 我想上述的任何一段都適合,只要主禮者把聖餐的意義解釋清楚就好了。如果在聖餐禮儀中不時輪流使用不同的經文,或許會幫助基督徒會友對聖經獲得更全面的認識並增加新鮮感。但哥林多前書十一章有一㸃與眾不同,就是它把「自我省察」的要素加上去。或許我們覺得加與不加也無傷大雅,但保羅卻把這要素視為極其重要。我們讀經時通常只讀到第廿九節為止,但如果我們多讀一節,就察覺到它的嚴重性:
(v. 30) 「因此、在你們中間有好些軟弱的、與患病的、死的也不少。〔死原文作睡〕
That is why many among you are weak and sick, and a number of you have fallen asleep. 」
當時的教會,若信徒忽畧自省,可能會導致疾病,甚至死亡。在恩典時代的今天,可能沒有患病及身亡之憂, 但聖經的話顯示了忽畧「自省」的嚴重後果。
另一個問題是:至於「先吃後飲」還是「先飲後吃」? 筆者認為都無所謂。但教會兩千多年傳統都是 「先吃後飲」, 那又何必標奇立異呢?改變傳統做法會導致參與者分心而忘記了聖餐的意義。